Ethnomedicinal relevance and bioactive potential of manila tamarind: An evidence-based assessment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69857/joapr.v14i2.1872Keywords:
Pithecellobium dulce, Manila tamarind, ethnomedicine, bioactive compounds, nutraceuticals, environmental restorationAbstract
Background: Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth., commonly known as Manila tamarind, is a leguminous tree traditionally used in indigenous medicine, nutrition, and agroecological practices. Despite its wide ethnomedicinal usage, its comprehensive bioactive and functional potential remains underexplored in mainstream scientific literature. Methodology: This review systematically compiles and critically analyzes published data from peer-reviewed journals, ethnobotanical records, and experimental studies focusing on the botanical features, phytochemical composition, nutritional attributes, pharmacological activities, and ecological significance of P. dulce. Results and Discussion: The species is rich in phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and essential nutrients, which collectively contribute to its broad pharmacological spectrum. Reported biological activities include antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, wound-healing, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Mechanistic evidence suggests modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, and metabolic pathways. P. dulce plays a vital environmental role through nitrogen fixation, soil enrichment, carbon sequestration, and biodiversity support. Beyond its medicinal value, the plant shows strong potential for use in food products, animal feed, herbal formulations, and agroforestry systems. However, limitations such as variability in extraction methods, incomplete toxicity profiling, and insufficient clinical validation restrict its translational applications. Conclusion: Pithecellobium dulce represents a promising yet underutilized bioresource with multifaceted therapeutic, nutritional, and ecological benefits. Future research should prioritize standardization, advanced phytochemical characterization, safety evaluation, and clinical studies to support its development into functional foods, phytopharmaceuticals, and sustainable industrial products.
Downloads
References
Rathi B, Khobragade P. Ethno-botanical survey on medicinal plants used by tribes of Karanja (Ghadge) Tahsil of Wardha District, Maharashtra, India. Int J Ayur Med 12(1) 43–52 (2021) https://doi.org/10.47552/ijam.v12i1.1764[paperpile]
Cárdenas-Valdovinos JG. Ethnobotany, biological activities and phytochemical compounds of some species of the genus Eryngium (Apiaceae), from the central-western region of Mexico. Molecules 28(10) 4094 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28104094[japtronline]
Apáez-Barrios P, Hernández-García PA, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E. Dietary supplementation with Pithecellobium dulce fruit and its effect on productive performance and meat quality in rabbits. Animals 13(20) 3249 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13203249[japtronline]
Flores-Jiménez NT, García-Magaña ML, et al. Assessment of the physicochemical, functional and structural characteristics of defatted flour from guamuchil (Pithecellobium dulce) seeds. Future Foods 9 100351 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fufo.2024.100351[japtronline]
Alemán-Ramírez JL, et al. Challenges and prospects in energetic application of Pithecellobium dulce. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 18(2) 456–468 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2601[japtronline]
Al-Obaidi FJ, Almehemdi AF. Nutritional and medicinal properties of Pithecellobium dulce: a review. Iraqi J Desert Stud 14(1) 35–49 (2024) https://doi.org/10.36531/ijds.2024.147369.1062[jopcr]
Batiha GES, Beshbishy AM, Wasef LG, Elewa YHA, Al-Sagan AA, El-Hack MEA, et al. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): a review. Nutrients 12 872 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030872[globalresearchonline]
Thakur P, Dhiman A, Kumar S, Suhag R. Garlic (Allium sativum L.): a review on bio-functionality, allicin’s potency and drying methodologies. S Afr J Bot 171 129–146 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.05.039[onesearch.nihlibrary.ors.nih]
Vargas-Madriz ÁF, et al. Effect of drying methods on the phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of Pithecellobium dulce. Molecules 30(2) 233 (2025) https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30020233[ijapr]
Dash RN, Habibuddin M, Sahoo AK, Bhuyan NR. Factorial approach for the development of stable losartan potassium tablets. Curr Pharm Anal 9(3) 318–329 (2013) https://doi.org/10.2174/1573412911309030010[japsonline]
Ramesh T, Balakrishnan S. Wound healing efficacy of P. dulce leaf paste in excision wound model. J Ethnopharmacol 152(3) 468–475 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.031[japtronline]
Basak M, Laskar MA. Pathophysiology, lifestyle intervention and complications of type 2 diabetes: a review. J Appl Pharm Res 12 1–10 (2024) https://doi.org/10.69857/joapr.v12i3.482[opastpublishers]
Surendar K, Balasubramanian P, Venudevan B, et al. Integrated nutrient management in Manila tamarind (Pithecellobium dulce): growth and yield response. J Adv Biol Biotechnol 28(9) 449–455 (2025) https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2025/v28i92896[raw.githubusercontent]
Jaiswal F, Rai AK, Wal P, Wal A, Singh SP. Peptic ulcer: a review on etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Asian J Pharm Educ Res 10(4) 1 (2021)[japsonline]
Srivastav Y, Kumar V, Srivastava Y, Kumar M. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), diagnosis, and current medication-based management options: schematic overview. J Adv Med Pharm Sci 25(11) 14–27 (2023)[media.springer]
Kumar A, Shekhar A, Dua M, Jangra I, Suranagi U, Arora E. Evaluation of hypoglycemic potential of Cuminum cyminum and its role in modulation of cognitive function in rats with induced diabetes. J Appl Pharm Res 12 170–183 (2024) https://doi.org/10.69857/joapr.v12i6.549[media.neliti]
Kim HS. Ideal combination of oral hypoglycemic agents for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab J 48 882–884 (2024) https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0479[sciencedirect]
Lunkad AS, Agrawal MR, Kothawade SN. Anthelmintic activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem 8(1) 21 (2016) https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-4385.2016.00005.4[japsonline]
Byeon JC, Ahn JB, Jang WS, Lee SE, Choi JS, Park JS. Recent formulation approaches to oral delivery of herbal medicines. J Pharm Investig 49 17–26 (2019)[japtronline]
Rezvani M. Oxidative stress-induced gastrointestinal diseases: biology and nanomedicines—a review. BioChem 4(3) 189–216 (2024)[apastyle.apa]
Zhang H, Dhalla NS. The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci 25(2) 1082 (2024)[jacow]
Cheng H, Huang G. Extraction, characterisation and antioxidant activity of Allium sativum polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 114 415–419 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.156[doaj]
Liu J, Lin H, Yuan L, Wang D, Wang C, Sun J, et al. Protective effects of anwulignan against HCl/ethanol-induced acute gastric ulcer in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021(1) 9998982 (2021)[journaljpri]
Zhang B, Rao X, Zhang Y, Dai W, Xu Y, Zhao C, et al. Protective effect of foxtail millet protein hydrolysate on ethanol- and pyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcers in mice. Antioxidants 11(12) 2459 (2022)[citation.doi]
Xu X, Shan B, Liao CH, Xie JH, Wen PW, Shi JY. Anti-diabetic properties of Momordica charantia L. polysaccharide in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Int J Biol Macromol 81 538–543 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.08.049[pharmaceutical-journal]
Zhou D, Yang Q, Tian T, Chang Y, Li Y, Duan LR, et al. Gastroprotective effect of gallic acid against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats: involvement of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and anti-apoptosis role. Biomed Pharmacother 126 110075 (2020)[libguides.st-andrews.ac]
Lunkad AS, Agrawal MR, Kothawade SN. Anthelmintic activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum. Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem 8(1) 21–23 (2016)[japtronline]
da Luz BB, Maria-Ferreira D, Dallazen JL, de Oliveira AF, Telles JE, Beltrame OC, et al. Effectiveness of the polyphenols-rich Sedum dendroideum infusion on gastric ulcer healing in rats: roles of protective endogenous factors and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. J Ethnopharmacol 278 114260 (2021)[japtronline]
Abd El-Rady NM, Dahpy MA, Ahmed A, Elgamal DA, Hadiya S, Ahmed MA, et al. Interplay of biochemical, genetic, and immunohistochemical factors in the etio-pathogenesis of gastric ulcer in rats: a comparative study of the effect of pomegranate loaded nanoparticles versus pomegranate peel extract. Front Physiol 12 649462 (2021)[libguides.newcastle.edu]
El-Gendy ZA, Taher RF, Elgamal AM, Serag A, Hassan A, Jaleel GA, et al. Metabolites profiling and bioassays reveal Bassia indica ethanol extract protective effect against stomach ulcers development via HMGB1/TLR-4/NF-κB pathway. Antioxidants 12(6) 1263 (2023)[updatepublishing]
Koelman L, Pivovarova-Ramich O, Pfeiffer AF, Grune T, Aleksandrova K. Cytokines for evaluation of chronic inflammatory status in ageing research: reliability and phenotypic characterisation. Immun Ageing 16 1–2 (2019)[cambridge]
Choudhury H, Gorain B, Pandey M, et al. Recent update on nanoemulgel as topical drug delivery system. J Pharm Sci 106(7) 1736–1751 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.042[paperpile]
Pardeike J, Hommoss A, Müller RH. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products. Int J Pharm 366(1) 170–184 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.003[youtube]
Yang J, Liang Z, Lu P, et al. Development of a luliconazole nanoemulsion as a prospective ophthalmic delivery system for the treatment of fungal keratitis: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharmaceutics 14(10) 2052 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102052[paperpile]
Azad AK, Azizi WM, Sulaiman W. Antidiabetic effects of P. macrocarpa ethanolic fruit extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Futur J Pharm Sci 6 1–12 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00073-7[youtube]
dos Santos Matos AP, Lopes DC, Peixoto ML, et al. Development, characterization, and anti-leishmanial activity of topical amphotericin B nanoemulsions. Drug Deliv Transl Res 10(6) 1552–1570 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-020-00821-5[sciencedirect]
Kumari S, Alsaidan OA, Mohanty D, et al. Development of soft luliconazole invasomes gel for effective transdermal delivery: optimization to in-vivo antifungal activity. Gels 9(8) 626 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080626[japtronline]
Padaraju A, Dwivedi F, Kumar G. Microemulsions, nanoemulsions and emulgels as carriers for antifungal antibiotics. Ther Deliv 14(11) 721–740 (2023) https://doi.org/10.4155/tde-2023-0076[westerntc.libguides]
Sharma AD, Kaur I, Chauhan A. Anti-aspergillosis and anti-mucormycosis potential of eucalyptus essential oil-based O/W nanoemulsions containing azole-based drugs from Eucalyptus globulus. J Umm Al-Qura Univ Appl Sci 10(2) 313–329 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-023-00108-8[csuglobal.libguides]
Aderibigbe BA. Nanotherapeutics for the delivery of antifungal drugs. Ther Deliv 15(1) 55–76 (2024) https://doi.org/10.4155/tde-2023-0090
Nagaraj S, Manivannan S, Narayan S. Potent antifungal agents and use of nanocarriers to improve delivery to the infected site: a systematic review. J Basic Microbiol 61(10) 849–873 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202100204
Nosratabadi M, Akhtari J, Jaafari MR, et al. In vitro activity of nanoliposomal amphotericin B against terbinafine-resistant Trichophyton indotineae isolates. Int Microbiol 1(1) 1–7 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-024-00617-4
Mahaling B, Baruah N, Dinabandhu A. Drug delivery systems for infectious eye diseases: advancements and prospects. J Nanotheranostics 5(4) 133–166 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3390/jnt5040010
Abdalla A, El-Sawy HS, Ramadan AA. Emergence of advanced antifungal-delivery approaches for the treatment of tinea pedis. ERU Res J 3(2) 1058–1089 (2024) https://doi.org/10.21608/erurj.2024.227252.1064
Asaf MB, Khairiyah, Kurniawan I, et al. Amphotericin B nanocrystals integrated with bilayer dissolving microneedles: a new strategy for transmucosal delivery of amphotericin B to improve the effectiveness of oral candidiasis therapy. J Pharm Investig 1(1) 1–9 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-025-00726-w
Hossain MJ, Al-Mamun M, Islam MR. Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: early detection should be focused. Health Sci Rep 7 e2004 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.2004
Leon BM, Maddox TM. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: epidemiology, biological mechanisms, treatment recommendations and future research. World J Diabetes 6 1246 (2015) https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i13.1246
Abdullah AR, Seliem MA, Khidr EG, Sobhy AM, El-Shiekh RA, Hafeez MSA, et al. A comprehensive review on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM): histological spectrum, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management with conventional treatments and natural compounds. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 398 9929 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-025-03980-9
Avijit M, Ashini S. A review on metformin: clinical significance and side effects. Res J Pharm Technol 14 6179–6186 (2021) https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2021.01070
D’Oria R, Schipani R, Leonardini A, Natalicchio A, Perrini S, Cignarelli A, et al. The role of oxidative stress in cardiac disease: from physiological response to injury factor. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020 5732956 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5732956
Liu M, Lv J, Pan Z, Wang D, Zhao L, Guo X. Mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure and its therapeutic implications. Front Cardiovasc Med 9 945142 (2022) https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.945142
Riaz M, Khalid R, Afzal M, Anjum F, Fatima H, Zia S, et al. Phytobioactive compounds as therapeutic agents for human diseases: a review. Food Sci Nutr 11 2500 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3308
Kaushik S, Ali Z, Tangri P, Bhatt B, Devi A. Pharmacological activities of Anthocephalus cadamba: a concise review. Int J Biol Pharm Allied Sci 10 916–924 (2021) https://doi.org/10.31032/ijbpas/2021/10.3.5402
Sukumaran V, Gurusamy N, Yalcin HC, Venkatesh S. Understanding diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy from the perspective of renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Pflugers Arch 474 63 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02651-x
Parra M, Stahl S, Hellmann H. Vitamin B6 and its role in cell metabolism and physiology. Cells 7 84 (2018) https://doi.org/10.3390/cells7070084
D’Haese S, Claes L, Jaeken E, Deluyker D, Evens L, Heeren E, et al. Pyridoxamine alleviates cardiac fibrosis and oxidative stress in Western diet-induced prediabetic rats. Int J Mol Sci 25 8508 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158508
Mutavdzin Krneta S, Gopcevic K, Stankovic S, Jakovljevic Uzelac J, Todorovic D, Labudovic Borovic M, et al. Insights into the cardioprotective effects of pyridoxine treatment in diabetic rats: a study on cardiac oxidative stress, cardiometabolic status, and cardiovascular biomarkers. Diagnostics 14 1507 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14141507
Qnais E, Gammoh O, Bsieso Y, Alqudah M, Wedyan M, Altaber S, et al. Scopoletin as a cardioprotective agent against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Phytomedicine Plus 5 100738 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2025.100738
Shrivastav D, Kumbhakar SK, Srivastava S, Singh DD. Natural product-based treatment potential for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. World J Diabetes 15 1603 (2024) https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i7.1603
Chandrashekar KS, Abinash B, Prasanna KS. Anti-inflammatory effect of the methanol extract from Anthocephalus cadamba stem bark in animal models. Int J Plant Biol 1 30–32 (2010) https://doi.org/10.4081/pb.2010.e6
Konyanee A, Chaniad P, Phuwajaroanpong A, Plirat W, Viriyavejakul P, Septama AW, et al. Exploring the potential antimalarial properties, safety profile, and phytochemical composition of Mesua ferrea Linn. PLoS One 19 e0312047 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312047
Ettlin RA, Kuroda J, Plassmann S, Prentice DE. Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings. Part 1: processes to address issues and most important findings. J Toxicol Pathol 23 189 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1293/tox.23.189
Emmer KM, Russart GKL, Walker WH, Nelson RJ, DeVries AC. Effects of light at night on laboratory animals and research outcomes. Behav Neurosci 132 302 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000252
Thangaraj P. Evaluation of anti-diabetic property on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Prog Drug Res 71 145–149 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26811-8_24
Qamar F, Sultana S, Sharma M. Animal models for induction of diabetes and its complications. J Diabetes Metab Disord 22 1021 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-023-01277-3
Singh SK, Kesari AN, Gupta RK, Jaiswal D, Watal G. Assessment of antidiabetic potential of Cynodon dactylon extract in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 114 174–179 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.07.039
Van Herck H, Baumans V, Brandt CJWM, Boere HAG, Hesp APM, Van Lith HA, et al. Blood sampling from the retro-orbital plexus, the saphenous vein and the tail vein in rats: comparative effects on selected behavioural and blood variables. Lab Anim 35 131–139 (2001) https://doi.org/10.1258/0023677011911499
Djakpo DK, Wang ZQ, Shrestha M. The significance of transaminase ratio (AST/ALT) in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis 5 279–283 (2020) https://doi.org/10.5114/amsad.2020.103028
Chan FKM, Moriwaki K, De Rosa MJ. Detection of necrosis by release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Methods Mol Biol 979 65 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-290-2_7
Al-Hadi HA, Fox KA. Cardiac markers in the early diagnosis and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 9 231 (2009) https://doi.org/10.18295/2075-0528.2796
El-Nasr NMEA, Hussien YA, El-Baset MA, Shabana ME, Saleh DO. Astaxanthin mitigates diabetic cardiomyopathy and nephropathy in HF/HFr/STZ diabetic rats via modulating NOX4, fractalkine, Nrf2, and AP-1 pathways. Sci Rep 15 20199 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06263-8
Wang X, Zhao D, Farnell MB, Milby AC, Archer GS, Peebles ED, Gurung S. Evaluation of euthanasia methods on behavioral and physiological responses of newly hatched male layer chicks. Animals 11 1802 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061802
Varesi A, Campagnoli LIM, Carrara A, Pola I, Floris E, Ricevuti G. Non-enzymatic antioxidants against Alzheimer’s disease: prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Antioxidants 12(1) 180 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010180
Yilgor A, Demir C. Determination of oxidative stress level and some antioxidant activities in refractory epilepsy patients. Sci Rep 14 6688 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57224-6
Zacharis CK, Tzanavaras PD. Liquid chromatography coupled to on-line post column derivatization for the determination of organic compounds: a review on instrumentation and chemistries. Anal Chim Acta 798 1–24 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.032
Van Noorden CJF, Butcher RG. The involvement of superoxide anions in the nitro blue tetrazolium chloride reduction mediated by NADH and phenazine methosulfate. Anal Biochem 176 170–174 (1989) https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(89)90288-1
Hadwan MH. Simple spectrophotometric assay for measuring catalase activity in biological tissues. BMC Biochem 19 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12858-018-0097-5
Beers RF, Sizer IW. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J Biol Chem 195 133–140 (1952) https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50881-x
Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, et al. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging. Arch Toxicol 97 2499 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9
Komolafe OA, Adeyemi DO, Adewole SO, Obuotor EM. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes alters the serum lipid profiles of adult Wistar rats. Internet J Cardiovasc Res 7 (2010) https://doi.org/10.5580/2251
Kannan S, Mahadevan S, Ramji B, Jayapaul M, Kumaravel V. LDL-cholesterol: Friedewald calculated versus direct measurement—study from a large Indian laboratory database. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 18 502 (2014) https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.137496
Sajja A, Park J, Sathiyakumar V, Varghese B, Pallazola VA, Marvel FA, et al. Comparison of methods to estimate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with high triglyceride levels. JAMA Netw Open 4 e2128817 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28817
Rathi H, Kumar R, Goyal B, Kant R, Mirza AA, Rana S, et al. Assessment of dyslipidemia, lipid ratios, and atherogenic indices as cardiovascular risk factors in prediabetic and diabetic subjects. J Lab Physicians 14 420 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1744240
Baskin DG. Fixation and tissue processing in immunohistochemistry. Pathobiol Hum Dis 3797–3806 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.07402-5
Shah A, Kulkarni D, Ingale Y, Koshy A, Bhagalia S, Bomble N. Kerosene: contributing agent to xylene as a clearing agent in tissue processing. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 21 367 (2017) https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_14_15
Fischer AH, Jacobson KA, Rose J, Zeller R. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue and cell sections. CSH Protoc 2008 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4986
Ferreira D, Vale J, Curado M, Polónia A, Eloy C. The impact of different coverslipping methods in the quality of the whole slide images used for diagnosis in pathology. J Pathol Inform 13 100098 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpi.2022.100098
Lovitt RW, Wright CJ. Microscopy: light microscopy. Encycl Food Microbiol 684–692 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-384730-0.00213-5
Xuan L, Ju Z, Skonieczna M, Zhou PK, Huang R. Nanoparticles-induced potential toxicity on human health: applications, toxicity mechanisms, and evaluation models. MedComm 4 e327 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.327
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Sagar Kamble, Sujit Karpe, Manisha Lavate, Swapnali Raut, Saniya Shaikh, Pratiksha Devram
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
